Austria - A Country Study

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COUNTRY PROFILE GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting THE ALPINE-DANUBIAN REGION BEFORE THE HABSBURG DYNASTY The Early Medieval Era The Holy Roman Empire and the Duchy of Austria RISE OF THE HABSBURG EMPIRE Territorial Expansion, Division, and Consolidation The Protestant Reformation in the Habsburg Lands The Turkish Threat Division and Rebellion The Thirty Years' War, 1618-48 The Peace of Westphalia THE BAROQUE ERA The Turkish Wars and the Siege of Vienna The Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession, 1740-48 THE REFORMS OF MARIA THERESA AND JOSEPH II The Strategic Impact of the Reform Era THE HABSBURG EMPIRE AND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The Congress of Vienna AUSTRIA IN THE AGE OF METTERNICH Domestic Policies THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND NEOABSOLUTISM The Failure of Neoabsolutism Loss of Leadership in Germany AUSTRIA-HUNGARY TO THE EARLY 1900S Final Defeat in Germany and Reconciliation with Prussia The Eastern Question Internal Developments in Austria THE FINAL YEARS OF THE EMPIRE AND WORLD WAR I World War I The End of the Habsburg Empire and the Birth of the Austrian Republic THE FIRST REPUBLIC The Foundation of the First Republic Political Life of the 1920s and Early 1930s The End of Constitutional Rule Growing German Pressure on Austria THE ANSCHLUSS AND WORLD WAR II Nazi Economic and Social Policies Repression and Compliance World War II and the Defeat of Nazi Germany RESTORED INDEPENDENCE UNDER ALLIED OCCUPATION Four-Power Occupation and Recognition of the Provisional Government The 1945 Election and Consolidation of the Austrian Government Consolidation of Democracy Austria's Integration with the West The 1955 State Treaty and Austrian Neutrality THE GRAND COALITION AND THE AUSTRIAN PEOPLE'S PARTY CODA, 1955-70 Elections and Parties Domestic Tranquillity under the Grand Coalition THE KREISKY YEARS, 1970-83 Domestic Issues Foreign Policy End of the Kreisky Era Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment GEOGRAPHY Landform Regions Human Geography Climate Ecological Concerns AUSTRIAN NATIONAL IDENTITY DEMOGRAPHY Demographic Development Immigration Emigration Official Minority Groups Other Minorities Jews Foreign Workers Attitudes Toward Minorities SOCIAL STRUCTURE FAMILY LIFE Family Developments after the 1960s Status of Women RELIGION EDUCATION SOCIAL SECURITY Employment, Unemployment, and Pension Benefits Health and Health Insurance Family Benefits HOUSING Chapter 3. The Economy ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GOVERNMENT POLICY Developments During the 1970s and 1980s The New Policies The Magic Pentagon The Subsidy Policy Foreign Workers in Austria PRINCIPAL ECONOMIC INTEREST GROUPS The Chambers of Commerce The Chambers of Agriculture The Professions The Austrian Trade Union Federation Works Councils The Federation of Austrian Industrialists SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY The Agricultural Sector The Structure of Agriculture The Industrial Sector Efforts to Improve Competitiveness Mining and Minerals Energy The Services Sector Transportation and Telecommunications Tourism Money and Banking FOREIGN ECONOMIC RELATIONS Austria and European Integration Openings Toward the East Chapter 4. Government and Politics CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS The Federal President Chancellor and Cabinet Nationalrat Bundesrat Bundesversammlung The Constitutional Court The Administrative Court Ordinary Courts Special Courts Legal Training Provincial Government Local Government Electoral System POLITICAL DYNAMICS The Social Democratic Party of Austria The Austrian People's Party The Freedom Party of Austria The Green Parties Political Developments since 1983 Election of Kurt Waldheim as President The National Election of 1986 and the Grand Coalition of 1987-90 The Parliamentary Election of 1990 Events of 1991-93 MASS MEDIA Radio and Television FOREIGN RELATIONS Foreign Policy During the Kreisky Era New Focus on Europe Regional Issues Chapter 5. National Security HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Two World Wars: 1914-18 and 1939-45 STRATEGIC CONCEPTS AND MISSIONS OF THE AUSTRIAN ARMED FORCES NEUTRALITY AND THE ARMED FORCES NATIONAL DEFENSE Army Personnel, Conscription, Training, and Reserves Army Equipment Air Force Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia Military Justice The Defense Budget Domestic and Foreign Sources of Military Equipment INTERNAL SECURITY Penal Codes Criminal Court Proceedings Police Incidence of Crime Penal System

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