Ecuador - A Country Study

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COUNTRY PROFILE GEOGRAPHY SOCIETY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting PRE-HISPANIC ERA DISCOVERY AND CONQUEST SPANISH COLONIAL ERA THE STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE THE FIRST CENTURY OF THE REPUBLIC Initial Confusion, 1830-60 The Era of Conservatism, 1860-95 The Rule of the Liberals, 1895-1925 Reform, Chaos, and Debacle, 1925-44 THE POSTWAR ERA, 1944-84 Constitutional Rule, 1948-60 Instability and Military Dominance, 1960-72 Direct Military Rule, 1972-79 Return to Democratic Rule, 1979-84 Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment GEOGRAPHY Natural Regions Drainage Climate POPULATION MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION SOCIAL CLASSES Middle Class Peasants Workers ETHNIC GROUPS Whites and Mestizos Blacks Sierra Indians Oriente Indians FAMILY AND KIN RELIGION SOCIAL WELFARE Health and Social Security Chapter 3. The Economy GROWTH AND STRUCTURE OF THE ECONOMY RECENT ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT Fiscal Policies Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies Government Budget Process HUMAN RESOURCES AND INCOME Employment Indicators and Benefits Organized Labor AGRICULTURE Land Use and Tenure Crops Livestock and Poultry Fishing Forestry NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENERGY Mining and Minerals Electric Power MANUFACTURING SERVICES Tourism Communications Transportation EXTERNAL SECTOR Trade and Balance of Payments Chapter 4. Government and Politics CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURE The Executive The Legislature The Judiciary The Tribunal of Constitutional Guarantees Public Administration Local Government The Electoral Process POLITICAL DYNAMICS Traditional Parties Other Parties Personalist Movements Party Politics in the 1980s Political Forces and Interest Groups The Roman Catholic Church The Military The Economic Elite Labor Students The Media FOREIGN RELATIONS The United States Other Nations and International Organizations Chapter 5. National Security MILITARY HERITAGE STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVE INVOLVEMENT IN POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT ARMED FORCES Army Training and Education Navy Training and Education Air Force Military Justice Ranks, Insignia, and Uniforms RECRUITMENT AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE DEFENSE BUDGET CIVIL DEFENSE CIVIC ACTION FOREIGN INFLUENCE Military Relations with the United States Equipment Sources INTERNAL SECURITY Police Standards of Police Conduct Narcotics Control The Administration of Justice The Penal System

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