Romania - A Country Study

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Country Profile GEOGRAPHY ECONOMY TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS NATIONAL SECURITY INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Historical Setting EARLY HISTORY FROM PREHISTORY TO THE ELEVENTH CENTURY The Getae Roman Dacia The Age of the Great Migrations TRANSYLVANIA, WALACHIA, AND MOLDAVIA FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY TO THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY The Magyars' Arrival in Transylvania Origins of Walachia and Moldavia The Ottoman Invasions TRANSYLVANIA UNDER THE HABSBURGS, 1688-1867 The Uniate Church The Reign of Joseph II The Revolution of 1848 Unification of Transylvania and Hungary WALACHIA AND MOLDAVIA UNDER THE RUSSIAN PROTECTORATE, 1711- 1859 The Russian Protectorate The Crimean War and Unification ROMANIA AND TRANSYLVANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR I, 1861- 1919 Romania under Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen The Balkan Wars and World War I Greater Romania and the Occupation of Budapest GREATER ROMANIA TO THE END OF WORLD WAR II, 1920-45 The Agrarian Crisis and the Rise of the Iron Guard World War II Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation POSTWAR ROMANIA, 1944-85 Petru Groza's Premiership Elimination of Opposition Parties The Romanian People's Republic The Post-Stalin Era Gheorghiu-Dej's Defiance of Khrushchev The Ceausescu Succession Dynastic Socialism and the Economic Downturn Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Topography Climate POPULATION Demographic Policy Settlement Structure Traditional Settlement Patterns Rural-Urban Migration Systematization: A Settlement Strategy ETHNIC STRUCTURE Historical and Geographical Distribution National Minorities under Communist Rule Nation-Building and National Minorities Language, Education, and Cultural Heritage Emigration: Problem or Solution? SOCIAL STRUCTURE The New Social Order The Proletariat The Intelligentsia The Ruling Elite Social Mobility INSTITUTIONS AND ORGANS OF SOCIETY Family The Evolution of Family Law Changes in Family Structure Family Life Women and Women's Organizations The Education System Administration Political Education and Socialization Education and Legitimacy of the Regime Preschool and Kindergarten Primary Education Secondary Education Higher Education Religion The Romanian Orthodox Church The Roman Catholic Church The Uniate Church Other Religions SOCIAL CONDITIONS Housing Public Health State Welfare Assistance Chapter 3. The Economy ECONOMIC STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS Administration and Control Ownership of Economic Assets Dominance of the Romanian Communist Party Administrative Hierarchy Planning Pricing and Profit The State Budget Revenues Expenditures Banking Banking institutions Credit policy Currency NATURAL RESOURCES Water Forests Fossil Fuels Other Minerals LABOR Unpaid Labor Demographics Productivity FOREIGN TRADE Trading Partners Structure of Exports and Imports Retirement of the Foreign Debt INDUSTRY Energy Electric Power Oil and Gas Coal Machine Building Aircraft Industry Automotive Industry Locomotives and Rolling Stock Machine Tools Computers and Automation Technology Electrical Engineering Shipbuilding Metallurgy Chemicals Light Industry TRANSPORTATION AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS Highways Inland Waterways Maritime Navigation Air Transport Telecommunications AGRICULTURE Agricultural Regions Major Crops Livestock Fishing Farming Practices Farm Organization Administration Procurement and Distribution Consumption GOALS FOR THE 1990s Chapter 4. Government and Politics GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING OF THE GOVERNMENT Grand National Assembly The State Council President of the Republic Council of Ministers Judicial System Joint Party-State Organizations Local Government Electoral System ROMANIAN COMMUNIST PARTY Membership Organizational Structure Ideology and Party Program Party Training MASS ORGANIZATIONS Union of Communist Youth General Union of Trade Unions POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE CEAUSESCU ERA Period from 1965 to 1970 1967 Party Conference Rehabilitation and De-Stalinization Tenth Party Congress Eleventh Party Congress Twelfth Party Congress Thirteenth Party Congress Cult of Personality Emergence of an Organized Opposition MASS MEDIA FOREIGN POLICY RELATIONS WITH COMMUNIST STATES Hungary RELATIONS WITH NONCOMMUNIST STATES United States Other Western Countries Middle East Africa The CSCE Meeting in Vienna Chapter 5. National Security HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Defense of Romanian Lands in Ancient Times and the Middle Ages Ottoman Domination and the Struggle for National Unity and Independence Military Development under Alexandru Ioan Cuza War of Independence, 1877-78 The Romanian Army in World War I Security during the Interwar Years and the Second World War Development of the Romanian Armed Forces after World War II MILITARY DOCTRINE AND STRATEGY Evolution of Military Doctrine Military Strategy Arms Control ARMED FORCES Command and Control of the Armed Forces Government and Party Organization for Defense Party Control of the Military Ceausescu and the Military Armed Services Ground Forces Air Force Naval Forces Border Guards Military Personnel Military Training Officer Education Reserves and Mobilization Ranks, Uniforms, and Insignia The Military and the National Economy Military Budget Arms Production Naval Construction Aviation Industry Military Labor Foreign Military Relations The Warsaw Pact Arms Sales LAW AND ORDER Judicial System Courts Military Courts Penal Code Crime SECURITY AND INTELLIGENCE SERVICES Ministry of Interior and Security Forces Dissidence Department of External Information

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